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Waste Trade: Asia Pacific

Waste trade is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal, or recycling. Often, toxic or hazardous wastes are exported by developed countries to developing countries, such as those in Asia Pacific. Since 1988, more than a quarter of a billion tonnes of plastic waste has been exported around the world. If the world is serious about tackling marine plastic pollution, the open trade of plastic waste from rich to weaker economies must end.

Plug the Leak - what's wrong with plastic waste exports?

A lot of consumer plastic waste sorted for recycling often gets shipped to other countries instead. There are many issues behind shipping plastic waste, this explainer focuses on 3 critical problems. It draws from the experience of 3 countries, namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Turkey in dealing with legacy plastic waste - the build-up of plastic waste over years, shipped in from other countries, and dumped on developing countries with poor waste management infrastructure.

Why is ending plastic waste trade important?

Source: Plastic Waste Transparency Project, Basel Action Network
World over, due to the unsustainable production and consumption of plastic coupled with limited waste management capacity, countries have been exporting their waste to other countries with lower labour and recovery costs. For years, China was the primary destination for most of the world’s plastic waste and the impacts on its ecosystems, waste workers and other communities were devastating. In January 2018, China’s National Sword policy effectively stopped imports of plastic waste to the country, and plastic waste exports from the US, Europe, Australia, Japan, and other industrialised economies were diverted to Southeast Asia.

Many importing countries are ill-equipped in terms of infrastructure to handle their domestic recycling, let alone that from other regions. Local plastic recyclers end up focusing on recycling easily available imported plastics, instead of developing domestic systems of waste collection and segregation.

As dumpsites expand and imported plastic waste is increasingly co-incinerated as fuel in cement kilns or other industrial boilers, as opposed to being recycled back into plastic, this severely affects the environmental health, social wellbeing and economic development of recipient countries.

What lies ahead?

In February 2022, at the UNEA 5.2 in Nairobi, Kenya, member states of the United Nations committed to a legally binding treaty to address the plastic problem across its lifecycle: from production to disposal. The next two years (till 2024) will be crucial in framing a global, legally binding agreement to solve the problem of plastic pollution; one of the key solutions is to include bans on plastic waste exports from rich to weaker economies.
LEARN ABOUT THE GLOBAL PLASTIC TREATY

Past Events

  • The Plastic Amendments: Are we fulfilling the Promise?

    Basel OEWG-14 Side Event

    Date: 25 Jun 2024

    Time: 18:15–19:45 CEST

    READ MORE
  • Panel discussion: How Plastic Waste Shipments Undermine Real Solutions to Ocean Plastic Pollution

    United Nations Ocean Conference: Side Event (Virtual)

    Date: 28th June 2022

    Time: 13:00-14:30 Lisbon | 14:00 – 15:30 Paris/Berlin | 15:00 – 16:30 Turkey | 17:30 – 19:00 India | 20:00 – 21:30 Philippines/Kuala Lumpur | 08:00 – 09:30 New York
    READ MORE
  • The Global Plastics En’Treaty: why waste trade to the Asia-Pacific needs to stop

    Where: Meetspace A, Artotel Thamrin, Jakarta (map link here)

    Date: 03 November, 2022

    Time: 14:00 – 15:00 Indonesia | 15:00 – 16:00 Malaysia & the Philippines
    PRESS RELEASE

Reports

None

Policy Brief | State of Play: The Plastic Waste Trade in Asia (November 2024)

Community Legal Help and Public Interest Centre (C-HELP) & Basel Action Network (BAN) | 2024

Is it appropriate for the global plastic treaty to address one of the worst symptoms of the plastic waste crisis – the plastic waste trade for recycling? And if so, how can it go beyond the 2021 Basel Convention Amendments, in addressing the gaps in policy and implementation? This policy brief critically examines how continued plastic waste trade under the guise of recycling, is a symptom of plastic over-production, and how the Global Plastic Treaty can fix it.

Policy

Nina's Action Stop Plastic Pollution

Break Free From Plastic | 2025

A report on youth activist, Aeshnina Azzahra Aqilani's action at the fifth intergovernmental negotiations for the Global Plastics Treaty, in Busan, South Korea. Through her inspired action, she calls for a global reduction in plastic production and a ban on toxic chemicals in plastic manufacturing.

Policy

Enough - Fighting Global Plastic Pollution

Asia Pacific | 2024

Nina's Journey at INC4 - Aeshnina Azzahra Aqilani, or Nina, was invited by the UN Environment Programme to attend the Global Plastics Treaty talks in Ottawa, Canada, from April 23-29, 2024. Representing Indonesia among 170 countries, and as a global youth ambassador, Nina actively participated in discussions, workshops, and rallies, sharing her insights on the plastic waste crisis and proposing innovative solutions. Here's a report on her incredible advocacy efforts at the INC-4.

Policy

Trashed: Elephant in the Room: Plastic Waste Trade in Asia Pacific

Break Free From Plastic | 2022

In the wake of UNEA 5.2, as global leaders work towards an international legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution, the issue of plastic waste trade is largely ignored. This briefing paper tackles the elephant in the room, with a focus on issues in Asia Pacific, to make a case for issuing stringent controls to protect weaker economies from plastic waste trade from developing countries.

Waste Trade Blogs

Waste trade, often referred to as ‘waste colonialism’, highlights the power imbalance between economically developed countries of the Global North, typically the exporters of waste, and the less affluent nations that serve as recipients. These blogs hope to distil global and regional waste trade matters and provide an overview of the harms caused by the waste trade in Asia Pacific.
June 19, 2019
Southeast Asia should ban imports of foreign trash - environmentalists

BANGKOK - Environmental groups called on Tuesday for Southeast Asian countries to ban waste imports from developed countries to help tackle a plastic pollution crisis, as regional leaders prepare to meet this week in Bangkok. Southeast Asia has seen a staggering spike in imports of plastic and electronic waste from developed countries after the world's […]

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June 19, 2019
Indonesia returns five containers of waste to the US

JAKARTA: Indonesia has returned five containers of rubbish to the United States and will not become a "dumping ground", officials said Saturday (Jun 15), the latest Southeast Asian country to return imported waste. The containers were supposed to contain only paper scrap, according to the customs documents. Instead they were loaded with other waste including […]

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June 6, 2019
Southeast Asia Doesn't Want to Be the World's Dumping Ground. Here's How Some Countries Are Pushing Back

The pushback comes as containers of trash continue to accumulate on the shores of countries like Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, which are increasingly worried that the environmental costs are greater than the income they bring in from importing the waste. Southeast Asia has not always been the world’s dumping ground. For decades, China was […]

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May 24, 2019
Green groups call on Southeast Asian governments to resist waste imports

MANILA, Philippines (May 24, 2019) — Southeast Asian environmental non-governmental organizations are calling on their respective governments to strictly enforce bans on illegally shipped wastes from developed countries. “The recent news about waste shipments being discovered at the shores of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia is alarming. When the wealthy nations clean up, it should […]

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