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² OECD. (2022). Global plastic waste set to almost triple by 2060, says OECD. https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/global-plastic-waste-set-to-almost-triple-by-2060.htm

³ UNFCC. (2024, March 6). A New Plastics Economy is Needed to Protect the Climate. https://unfccc.int/news/a-new-plastics-economy-is-needed-to-protect-the-climate

⁴ EARTH. (2021). Local cry out as industrial fumes and foul affected their health. https://www.earththailand.org/en/article/748 ; Bangkok Post. (2021, July 7). 80,000 impacted by huge blaze. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2144431/80-000-impacted-by-huge-blaze ; Karlsson, T., Brosché, S., Alidoust, M., Takada H. (2021). Plastic pellets found on beaches all over the world contain toxic chemicals. IPEN & International Pellet Watch. https://ipen.org/documents/plastic-pellets-found-beaches-all-over-world-contain-toxic-chemicals ; Wachpanich, N. & Coca, N. (2022, December 8). As waste-to-energy incinerators spread in Southeast Asia, so do concerns. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/12/as-waste-to-energy-incinerators-spread-in-southeast-asia-so-do-concerns/

⁵ Haberstroh, C. J., Arias, M. E., Yin, Z., Sok, T., & Wang, M. C. (2021). Plastic transport in a complex confluence of the Mekong River in Cambodia. Environmental Research Letters, 16(9), 095009. ; Curren, E., Kuwahara, V. S., Yoshida, T., & Leong, S. C. Y. (2021). Marine microplastics in the ASEAN region: A review of the current state of knowledge. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117776.

⁶ Petrlik, J., Beeler, B., Ismawati, Y. and Bell, L. 2024. Toxic Contamination Caused by Plastic Waste in Countries of the Global South. In: Plastic Waste Trade: A New Colonialist Means of Pollution Transfer, edited by S. Gündoğdu. Springer Nature Switzerland 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51358-9_6

⁷ Thing Siew Shuen. (2024, January 27). Malaysia’s Waste-to-Energy plans are a wasted opportunity. Greenpeace. https://www.greenpeace.org/malaysia/story/51862/malaysias-waste-to-energy-plans-are-a-wasted-opportunity/

⁸ Roberts, B., Teoh, M., & Murray, K. (2020). Investigating Solutions to Marine Plastic Pollution in Cambodia: A Review and Synthesis of Scoping Research from Coastal & Marine Sites. Fauna & Flora International. https://www.fauna-flora.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FFI_2020_Investigating-Solutions-to-Marine-Plastic-Pollution-in-Cambodia_Scoping-Report.pdf; Thanda Ko Gyi. (2020). Abandoned, Lost or otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) in Myanmar's Myeik Archipelago. Myanmar Ocean Project. http://www.myanmarocean.org/uploads/1/2/4/2/124244335/mop_aldfg_report_final.pdf; Raes, L., Jain, A., Nguyen Ba, T., & Savels, R. (2022). The economic impact of marine plastics, including ghost fishing, on fishing boats in Phước Tinh and Loc An, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Viet Nam. IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/viet-nam-economic-brief-layout-revised.pdf

⁹ Dvorska, A., et al. (2023). Toxic hot spot in Kalasin: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Surroundings of Electronic Waste Recycling Sites in Kalasin Province, Thailand. EARTH & Arnika Association. https://arnika.org/en/publications/toxic-hot-spot-in-kalasin

¹⁰ Luqman, A., Nugrahapraja, H., Wahyuono, R. A., Islami, I., Haekal, M. H., Fardiansyah, Y., Putri, B.Q., Amalludin, F.I., Rofiqa, E.A., Gotz, F., & Wibowo, A. T. (2021). Microplastic contamination in human stools, foods, and drinking water associated with Indonesian coastal population. Environments, 8(12), 138.

¹¹ 2022 Data searched through the UN Comtrade database. https://comtradeplus.un.org

¹² Gokken, B. (2019, November 7). Indonesia re-exporting illegal waste to other countries, report finds. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/indonesia-waste-plastic-export-import-illegal/

¹³ Quinault, C. (2020, February 6). Impurity rules ‘apply’ to intra-EU waste paper trade. Letsrecycle.  https://www.letsrecycle.com/news/impurity-rules-apply-to-intra-eu-waste-paper-trade/

¹⁴ Wipatayotin, A. (2022, July 29). Firm told to repatriate illegal waste. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2356551/firm-told-to-repatriate-illegal-waste.

¹⁵ IPEN, National Toxics Network, Nexus3, Consumers’ Association of Penang, EcoWaste Coalition. (2022). Plastic Waste Fuels: Serious Implications Across South East Asia, as Australia Kicks the ‘Waste’ Can Down the Road. IPEN. https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/ipen-plastic-waste-fuels-v1_1aw-en.pdf

¹⁶ Lighthouse Reporting. (2024). How We Investigated Plastic Waste Dumping in Myanmar. https://www.lighthousereports.com/methodology/how-we-investigated-plastic-waste-dumping-in-myanmar/

¹⁷ GAIA. (2021). Plastic-Free Hoi An: Towards a Green Destination. https://www.no-burn.org/resources/plastic-free-hoi-an-towards-a-green-destination/

¹⁸ Greenpeace. (n.d.). Reuse and Refill for a Plastic-Free Future. https://www.greenpeace.org/philippines/act/plastic-free-future/reuse-and-refill/

¹⁹ Dietplastik. (2024, January 13). Reuse Tour 2024 Presents Learning to Expand Reuse Practices in Asia. https://plasticdiet.id/en/reuse-tour-2024-presents-learning-to-expand-reuse-practices-in-asia/

²⁰ Thai Enquirer. (2023, December 27). New campaign by EJF and Bangkok Met aims to reduce plastic bottle use. https://www.thaienquirer.com/51440/new-campaign-by-ejf-and-bangkok-met-aims-to-reduce-plastic-bottle-use/

²¹ ASEAN Framework of Action on Marine Debris. (2020). https://asean.org/asean2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/3.-ASEAN-Framework-of-Action-on-Marine-Debris-FINAL.pdf

²² Zimmermann, L., Dombrowski, A., Völker, C., Wagner, M. (2020). Are bioplastics and plant-based materials safer than conventional plastics? In vitro toxicity and chemical composition, Environment International, Volume 145, 2020, 106066, ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106066

²³ Scientists’ Coalition Briefing Series: The global plastics treaty: What is the role of bio-based plastic, biodegradable plastic and bioplastic? https://ikhapp.org/material/policy-brief-the-global-plastics-treaty-what-is-the-role-of-bio-based-plastic-biodegradable-plastic-and-bioplastic-possible-core-obligation-8/